Antinous as Pharaoh, Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli
130-130 BC
Marble
Egyptian and Greek hybrid. Stance and appearance of pharaoh: short cloth, headdress, arms to side, one foot stepping forward, stiff, immobile. Style and medium Greek: marble, classical, austere, idealized. Antinous died in Egypt. Drill used to make pupils in eyes.
Antinous as Apollo, Delphi, Greece
130-138 AD
Marble
Possibly by Pheidias
Antinous being groomed by Hadrian to be next emperor, dies 138, deified by Hadrian, temples built with Antinous in guise of other gods. Always depicted as idealized. Perfect face framed by curls made using drill.
Sabina in the Guise of Venus, Ostia
117 AD
Marble
Wife of Hadrian. Hybrid of Venus’s body and Sabina’s head. Idealized female form. Modeled after Greek statue of Aphrodite. Youthful and idealized. Long hair braided and wrapped around her head forming a perfect arc.
Hadrian as Imperator, Hierapytna, Greece •
120-125 AD
Marble
New motif of stepping on conquered enemy. Hierarchy of scale, soldier/enemy much smaller, trampling of the enemy, appears on column of Trajan. Breast plate similar to Trajan’s (hybrid of victories crowining someone and sacrificing bulls). Victories crowning Minerva standing on she wolf over Romulus and Remus. Minerva is deity Hadrian affeliates self with (Athena, Greek). Wearing elaborate wreath on his head. Imagery proclaims triumph if Greece and Rome (the united Roman Empire) over the barbarian world.
Head of Hadrian, Rome
117-120 AD
Marble
First emperor to have full beard, starts trend of bearded emperors for the next two centuries.Obsession with Greece (all art and architecture reflects the Greeks). More idealized face, no more verism (Italian/Roman) of the Flavians. No signs of blemishes or wrinkles.
Arch of Trajan at Benevento, on the Via Traiana
114-118 AD
Marble
Similar to arch of Titus, engaged columns, piers inside of arch. Carved relief, a lot of decoration. Alimenta relief, distribution of free bread to the poor, decline in economy, Trajan starts lending on modern principle of investred capital, uses interest for social program to feed poor. Adventus of Trajan into Rome, entire pantheon present, abdicating authority to Trajan. Engaged Corinthian columns. Not a triumphal arch, advertises Trajan’s achievements in every area. Spandrels filled with Victories.
Markets of Trajan, Rome
100-112 AD
Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus
Brick work left bare (not stuccoed to look like marble). Some decoration in brick work- concrete, barrel vaults, travertines, capitals for columns, alternate between small triangular pediments and small rounded one. Functioned as shopping mall. Post and lintel doors. Upper road in market the Via Dabetica (the pepper road), distributing black pepper from India. Groin (cross) vaults (intersecting barrel vaults) distributes weight onto piers, replaces clerestory with fenestrated sequence of groin vaults, allows more light and creates larger space. Interior structure required concrete.
Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome
Dedicated 112 AD
Marble
Base is Trajan’s tomb. Shaft: scenes of Dacia, band of relief that wraps around with over 2500 figures on it in relief. Preparation and movement for battle, element of respecting enemy, King of Dacians stabbing self to prevent self from being captive paraded around Rome (admired by Romans). Trajan always directing or preparing, never fighting. Base: Victory holding up a panel, Wreaths and eagles, armor, shields, quivers and arrows, rostrum (head of ship(. Statue of Trajan at top replaced with St. Peter in later periods.
Reconstruction of the Forum of Trajan, Rome
Dedicated 112
Apollodorus of Damascus: Trajan’s architect of everything (markets, baths, forum, etc.)
Largest project of Trajan. Massive triumphal arch in entrance: emperor and Victory with horses on top, comfortable with emperor as living gods, statues of slaves with chains moved to arch of Constantine. Open space with equestrian statue of self, all sides have large apses and atlases (male caryatids). Has Basilica Opia (gets light from clerestory), wealthy, made of marble, Jalo Atiguo (yellow amrble from Africa), red marble from Egypt, Greek white marble. Column of Trajan behind Basilica. Has Latin and Greek libraries ad Temple of Trajan
Trajan as Imperator,Ostia
108-117 AD
Marble
Breastplate similar to Augstus of Primaporta (more simple and subtle) two victories slaughtering bulls, victory crowining the victor. Pious, victorious. Military most important thing under Trajan. Symbol of he strength of the Roman military.
